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CONTENTS
Part II. Research Papers on Nuclear Hazards Part III. The Future of America: Away from
Fundamentalism, affirm Pragmatism Index Preface This book is to communicate the new research results on two major public
issues - greenhouse warming and nuclear hazards - to the interested and affected
citizens, who, without specialized technical knowledge, care and follow the
issues for their own and for the nation. The research is carried out according
to the august regimen of theoretical and experimental physics, seared in
crucible, tempered by contention. The results are iron-clad against the
prevailing views. The advocates of greenhouse warming and nuclear hazards must
confront the challenge-to rebut or to quit, lest they be classified as
fraudulent and dishonest. All basic principles of science on the problem are well known. What is missing is a branch of science that is dedicated to a specific category of phenomena covering the problems concerned, such as elastic body dynamics for elasticity problems. Both global warming and the ice age are climate problems of the Pleistocene epoch, which are characterized by two global thermostats: one is the permanent ice in the polar regions, the other is the clouds in the sky. By ice-water, and water-vapor phase equilibrium respectively they tend to maintain a constant temperature in a neutral equilibrium, and thus get rid of all multifarious and complicated intruding influences, making possible to reach a crisp, simple conclusion. This is the way to reach the conclusion of no global warming. This overriding fact determines all climate problems in Pleistocene, which can be treated likewise. Therefore a new branch of science Pleistocene climatology is called for, analogous to dynamics of elastic bodies to deal with a special category of phenomena in a clearly defined domain of scientific study. The canonical formulation of a branch of science of mechanics is to set up an equation of motion which consists of 3 parts: 1, the universal laws of Newton, 2, the branch laws of the specific branch, such as Hooke's law for the elasticity branch, and the neutral equilibrium law in Pleistocene climatology. 3, the specific laws of force for the multifarious specific problems within the branch, such as the various forms of the potential term V(r) in the Schroedinger equation. The specific forcings for the greenhouse and the ice age problems are the greenhouse heat forcing and the Milankovitch forcing. These two problems have been solved independently in history. All other problems in Pleistocene are traceable to a specific forcing, for example, the Heinrich events may be traced to comet impacts. While the ice age is not our problem, it was brought up for relevance. In Pleistocene climatology all climate problems in the ice age epoch can be treated systematically (not haphazardly) like elastic problems in dynamics of elastic bodies from a general equation of motion of this branch and specific forcings for specific problems under consideration. All climate problems of human concern are limited to the last few millennia of this epoch. For practical purposes we need to search no further for climate studies. For the climate problems there is a new 4th part of the equation of motion in addition to the above three, the feedback effects, such as the albedo and infrared feedbacks. These are forces not previously existent in the system but induced by the phenomenon once it is underway and must be included in the Newton's second law to solve the problem. This complicates the matter. Worse still, the feedbacks, as in ice ages, could be two orders of magnitude greater than the original forcing, which completely mess up the strategic outlook of the problem. Even more traumatic is that the feedbacks are so numerous and mutually interacting, like the contestants entering the Thirty Years War, that they completely messed up the war plan and ended up in complete ruin of all participants in the Deutschereich. As a matter of fact, for our interest, it is the cloud feedback that gets rid of the greenhouse heat, suggesting no warming. But that is not yet the end of the problem because all the other feedbacks have not been accounted for. The past performances of the greenhouse and ice age studies are modem examples of such a disaster. The greenhouse warming problem involves dozens of feedbacks, only a few have been studied. A few new ones raised by Richard Lindzen are enough to cast doubt on the current conclusion. This line of work now stands still awaiting the arrival of super-computer ten years hence to save the impotence of the current generation of computers to tackle the complex problem. In Pleistocene climatology most feedbacks are overwhelmed by the equilibrium condition already contained in part 2 and need not be considered separately again, greatly simplifying the problem. The part 4 on feedbacks can be treated neatly and conclusively. For our interest, it can be shown that only the cloud feedback needs to be considered and all others have no part to play. That solves the problem. No super-computer is needed. Save $1 billion. Just as in the canonical theory of mechanics, canonical generalized variables may be introduced which can be solved more readily. In the greenhouse problem the canonical variables are the mass of precipitation increase m1, the mass of the cloud increase m2, and the global temperature increase T. They can be solved from the canonical equations, ml and m2 are sizable quantities and can be compared with experiments. The results of comparison are perfect, proving the theory and the reality of the greenhouse effects. The result of T happens to be zero up to 3000 years hence, which is the limit of the theory. Empirical result is zero now and whatever happens in the future is relevant only for the next 300 years, after which fossil fuels will be completely depleted and the issue becomes moot. In the next 300 years, which is a blink in the Pleistocene time scale, only a charlatan can make a mountain out of a molehill (pp.79, 100). Thus any and all discussions of greenhouse warming are moot. The Kyoto Protocol is thus as realistic as Ponce de Leon's search for the Fountain of Youth. That the canonical variable T is a constant is not at all unusual. The angular momentum p, as a canonical variable, is a constant. Like other constants of the motion, the conservation of angular momentum implies a "symmetry" property of the space with respect to rotation. The constancy of T as a canonical variable, also implies a global "symmetry" property of the climate system, that is, the neutral equilibrium condition. In the ice age case the Melankovitch forcing acts as "symmetry breaking," a notion fundamental in high energy physics. Thus Pleistocene climatology has reached the ultimate canonical destination, leaving all the roundabout, grotesque detours to the wasted history.
With the greenhouse warming issue out of the way, a canonical energy policy emerges naturally thus: (1), First, fossil fuels should be banned for energy production use, not because it generates carbon dioxide and greenhouse warming but because of the double reasons as follow: (a), It generates air and water pollution, which are our foremost concern. (b) It depletes unrenewable natural resources of organic carbon, which, in the form of plastics, is the main source of supply of necessary material to sustain modem civilization after most mineral resources, including all metals, will be depleted in a century. To burn the fossil fuels for energy generation is as horrible as burning a copy of Gutenberg Bible to warm a cup of coffee. (2), Second, without the fossil fuel energy supply, what will be the main energy source for the future? Hydraulic, wind, geothermal, bio-mass, tide, deep ocean energy sources have all been explored. Most of them can supply only about 1% of the energy needs except the hydraulic, which can supply a little more, a few percent. Thus the bulk of the energy needed must be supplied from the only energy resource remaining-the nuclear power, which has already supplied about 10% of all energy consumed (20% of all electricity generated). [For details see my book on energy and environment by Macmillan.] This leads to an anathema to the general public that is indoctrinated to the notion of nuclear catastrophe. The second part of this book is dedicated to alleviate this fear. It must be stated first of all that the objective of an energy policy is to
guarantee the full development, economic and social, of the nation, not to
pursue specific objectives, such as "the nuclear free homestead" for
its own sake. Since pollution is a major social issue, it ranks as a top
priority in energy considerations. In our energy advocacy environmental
preservation is always an overriding concern. Before addressing the nuclear hazards it is to be noted that the greenhouse warming and nuclear hazards are two major issues in modem times, involving environmental, economic, social, political and spiritual aspects. Both in all aspects have been discussed in the public with myriads of unresolvable issues. Those aspects that are well known and uncontroversial will not be repeated here. What will be done here, as in the greenhouse problem, is to strike at the heart of the scientific issue. The rest will follow naturally. The heart of the nuclear issue is the health effects of low level nuclear radiation. Low level radiation is defined as radiations of a strength comparable to natural background radiation, which is omnipresent, created by God before humans came to the earth, and thus no one can question its raison d'etre, and thus is a natural standard to use for comparison. Its strength is 100 milIirem per year at the sea level, which every body is exposed to. It is a natural standard for comparison with other sources of concern, such as dental X-rays, nuclear plant emissions, etc. Besides the normal background radiation, every body is exposed to higher background radiation from high altitude (Denver has a level twice larger than at sea level), from medical diagnosis and treatment, from all sorts of nuclear technologies (including wrist watches and smoke alarms), from nuclear power plants (in normal operation and in accidents) and from nuclear bombs (in tests and in war). No one can escape these and it behooves everybody to learn the scientific facts affecting human health which will be summarized in the following. The conclusions obtained are based on vital statistics of the United States populations of the 50 states in the past 50 years, which are contained in a truck load of government publications that is available in any good-sized library. This data set is enough to settle all important questions conclusively. Nothing more is needed (unless U.S. have annexed 50 more States and have lived 50 more years to necessitate an updating of a few percent). No further experiments are needed, necessary, desirable, and possible. No question on the veracity of the scientific truth is justified. This is it. No one had, have, can have, and will have different conclusions from what is obtained from this data set described in the following. However, this job has not been done by the establishment, by the energy industries for their self interest, by the academe for scholastic studies, and by the counter-culture for their Quixotic and rebellious pursuits. It does not need new august laws as Newton's and Hooke's, and new epoch making formulations as in the greenhouse problem. It just needs hard spade work to go through the dry as saw dust statistics to sift out the missing diamonds. It does not need super-genius; it just needs super-handyman. Without such a knowledge there is no way to set technical standards to guarantee health and safety while maximizing efficiency and benefits. Failure to do that is irresponsibly delinquent at best and criminal negligent at worst. What actually happened was that nothing has been done. No truths emerged. Illusions overflow. Fallacies abound. This is a mad, mad, mad World, as in the movie of that title. ["Everybody is drunk and I only am sober. But I will not chew up the mash and suck up the alcohol" said Chiu Nuan before committing suicide 2500 years ago. This is the same for the global warning issue and the Kyoto Protocol.] The conclusions of the nuclear hazards issues we obtained are: (1). A doubling of the background radiation (such as moving to live in Denver) has the effect of reducing cancer death rate by 25%. (2) Similar results are obtained for heart diseases, stroke, and most of the leading diseases causing death. (3) As a result low level radiation has an effect to extend life span. In fact, in Kerala, India, life expectancy is increased 10.7 years due to an increase of background radiation of 20-fold due to the thorium mine deposits there. (4) The reduction of cancer and the increase of radiation level of the 8 mountain states of the Rocky Mountain region as functions of the altitudes of the 8 states follow the same exponential curve, thus establishing the causal relation of the radiation and cancer reduction beyond circumstantial correlation. (5) Cancer study of Rocky Mountain region agrees with longevity study of Kerala quantitatively. The above results are related to natural low level radiation. (6) Artificial low level radiation from nuclear bomb tests in air in the 1950s in Nevada, instead of increasing cancer as first expected and feared, has actually reduced cancer deaths in the U. S. by half a million. (7) Nevada cancer death rate was reduced by 25% in 4 years after tests began and continued for a decade. (8) Other states have less cancer reduction, the farther the lesser. (9) The farthest states Alaska and Hawaii have no reduction. Comparing these ironclad conclusions with the prevailing sentiment against nuclear power, you now can realize what a mad, mad, mad world we are in. (10) The quantitative law relating radiation and cancer death reduction is the same in bomb radiation (created by humans) as in natural radiation (created by God). Thus bomb radiation is not particularly evil as many had in mind. A repeat of Newton's work in showing that the laws of mechanics are the same in Heaven as on earth, thus ushering in the modem world and leaving medieval age behind. Now the same with the medieval view of nuclear hazards. The 50 States provide 50 independent observers monitoring the same experiment for 50 years on both natural and bomb radiations. No experiments can be more comprehensive. And it did not cost a penny of research funds (which would run into millions of dollars in comparable projects) from the government and others except my research time and the work of my student David Bovi whose color charts for this work enhance the appearance of the book. His calculation of the population weighted average altitudes of the 8 mountain states, as shown in 4 digit figures in the color charts (Figure 3 shown below), is an indication of the extent of spade work that has gone into the project. It is ironic that the Airborne Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was promulgated expeditiously and put into effect in the middle 1950s for humanitarian reasons. In retrospect it was an re-enactment of the Chicken Little story of sky-is-falling. The fallen sky is actually an apple and is good for eating. Nuclear tests after the Test Ban Treaty had gone underground and 1500 bombs were exploded. If exploded in air it would have saved 1.5 million American lives from cancer deaths. And increased life span for every Americans except Alaska and Hawaii. Suggested high school science project: How many millions more lives would be saved from heart diseases and strokes due to the bomb tests? Use government published statistics cited and the information in paper (C) later. Establishment! Vacate the driver's seat for the high school project makers. It is worth mentioning that the Conference A Decade after Chernobyl sponsored by United Nations, European Union, World Health Organization, Russia, White-Russia and Ukraine has declared that there was no increased cancer deaths after the Chernobyl accident. Ten years before, right after Chernobyl, thousands of European women have aborted their unborn children for fear of giving birth to deformed babies. An evil doctrine of a cult has left thousands of murders of the unborn in their trail. This is truly a mad, mad, mad world. While the cancer fear is declining, one last obstacle still remains against the acceptance of nuclear power-the issue of nuclear waste disposal. Nuclear radiation is indestructible. Once created it lasts forever. It pollutes the pristine earth for eternity and cannot be accepted for humanitarian and spiritual reasons, so the argument goes. However, once we learn, this time with respect to the nuclear waste, that its low level radiation is not only not harmful but also beneficial to health and can prolong life, then it is no longer a problem to be feared. In fact it will be a billion dollar gold mine to develop health improving equipment. By folklore, people in Brazil and Chekoslovakia have already taking advantage of the nuclear radiation available from their beach sand and uranium mines for health improving uses. Truly it is from trash to treasure. The basic principle controlling the nuclear health effect is simple. The background radiation is the first antigen on earth before life has arrived. Therefore the first immune system the evolution process endowed upon life is to generate resistance to radiation, mainly by producing anti-oxidants to counter the free radicals produced by radiation. It so happens that free radicals are also the natural products of metabolism and are the aggravating factors of most diseases and the main cause of aging due to the decline of the innate ability to cleanse the body of the waste products through aging. Therefore, happily, radiation immune reaction happens to be the right antidote against most disease and aging. An extra amount of low level radiation by whatever sources will stimulate the immune system to generate more anti-oxidants to relieve suffering and prolong life. A few hour's exposure to the radiation from the Brazilian beach sand or the Chekoslovakia or Colorado uranium mine tunnel would act as a vacuum cleaner to sweep away the metabolic waste products and make one feel fresher and younger after the experience. Thus the origin of the nuclear folklore. The low level radiation can come from any source, even from the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima at a large distance from ground zero. Such a result has been reported by Japanese scientists, and published in Time, at a conference in New York on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Hiroshima and the birth of nuclear medicine that people in such a condition have a longer life span. Similar results are found among the radium watch dial painters, most of them caught lung cancer because of exposure to strong radiation, but a small group with Iow radiation exposure achieved longevity. This radiation effect on longevity is truely a special Grace from God beyond expectation, a dream pursued by emperors, kings, alchemists without avail, now realized serendipitously. But the age of foolishness took it as a scourge created by humans. During the height of nuclear hysteria after the major nuclear plant accidents it was fashionable to speak of nuclear free homestead. Anything nuclear is untouchable. It is often forgotten that the human body is a nuclear radiation emitter due to the radioactive potassium-40 in the body. In Los Alamos National Laboratory there is a machine, which one can walk in to have his body's radiation strength measured. It usually accounts for one-third of the natural background radiation. In a nuclear free homestead such human body is untouchable. The advocates will have to commit self-immolation to support their argument. Thus it was an age of wisdom; it was an age of foolishness. We were going straight to Heaven; we were going straight to Hell. So said Charles Dickens more than a century ago. And so it remains to this today. This applies not only to the energy issues of greenhouse warming and nuclear hazards but also to many prevailing controversies in politics, economy, society and spiritual life. All of us should strive to turn the age of foolishness to the age of wisdom. To begin with energy. Plentiful and clean energy is the life line of civilization beyond the cave culture. To achieve this goal two innovations stand out above all as high priority. First, to convert fossil fuels from energy resources to organic carbon resources for industrial use in the next century. Second, to re-build the American nuclear power industry as substitute of fossil fuels, which is depleting rapidly and requires replacement anyway. Revive the 100 aborted nuclear plants abandoned two decades ago. Go back to nuclear industry standards of the 1950s. Then, a nuclear plant, such as the one outside Rochester, New York, was built in 3 years (the same as in Japan now). Today in U.S. it takes 13 years to build. The mere increase of interest costs is enough to double the investment cost and thus double the cost of electricity generated. The increased time and costs are for environmental wrangling and stricter regulations to control the nuclear genie (forgetting it to be the nuclear angel). It is truely a mad, mad, mad world. [Others have been discussed in my book by Macmillan.] The double chastity belts of global warming and nuclear hazards must be liberated, lest Humpty Dumpty had a fall-all the establishment, all the vested interest, all the academe and all the counter-culture could not put Humpty Dumpty back again. Addendum: A Challenge to the Establishment This concerns the "Position Statement on Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases" of American Geophysical Union dated Dec. 1998. Its gist is that: (1). The complexity and variability of the climate system limited the progress of the work. (2). Some accomplishments are at hand nevertheless. (3). The problem is far from reaching a definitive solution. (4). Sustained efforts should continue. The current climate study is in a stage of the time of the 19th century after Newton but before Euler, Laplace and Boltzmann. Newton's success of few particle mechanics has been applied and succeeded in the study of the weather and our accomplishment is displayed in good prediction of weather for a few days. Once beyond a few days for a longer time we deal with climate and are faced with the problem of complexity and variability due to a large number of degrees of freedom. Following the success of weather, the attempt is to extend the Newtonian treatment by super-computer but the success has been limited. Mechanics of a large number of particles are of course complex and unwieldy. If totally orderless then there is no hope, and not a penny should be spend on the research which is destined to be in vain. However, if some regularity appears out of the chaos, then a systematic treatment can be done to simplify the complexity. Thus in the 18th and 19th century Euler and Laplace developed the dynamics of rigid bodies, elastic bodies and fluids, which are extremely fruitful. The work showed that only a few degrees of freedom (6 for rigid body) are significant, all others are side-tracked. The study of the spinning top would have impressed Newton. There is no need to study the dynamics of every particle of the spinning top by Newton's laws to trace out the motion of all individual particles through super-computer. 99.99% of the information so obtained is a useless quagmire. The only significant information can nevertheless be obtained by solving the Euler's equation without computer. Finally came Boltzmann with the study of equilibrium, in which only the equilibrium condition is the meaningful physical information, all others are obviated. Climate study has not gone through such a revolution. The reliance on super computer to exhaust the study of all degrees of freedom of the climate is like that of the study of the spinning top by super computer. Yet we just have a breakthrough. In spite of the complexity of climate there is strict regularity as seen in the ice ages, indicating the existence of simplifying principles to establish a new science Pleistocene climatology like rigid body dynamics. This time the special condition is the presence of a permanent body of ice (thus Pleistocene), with the specific simplifying principle embodied in the neutral equilibrium condition of phase transition of ice and water. As Boltzmann has done, the equilibrium condition staffs off all trivial degrees of freedom and simplifies the complexity of the problem. The very fact that in the past century no decent theory of ice ages has been developed means that the climate study has not gone beyond 19th century until recently. With the new work the complexity issue is resolved. The variability issue can be resolved in another manner, like a jigsaw puzzle, also demonstrated in the ice age problem. There is only one way to piece a jigsaw puzzle together-there can be no other way. Once it is done, that is it. With the main issues resolved, the climate problem can be solved crisply. Concerning greenhouse warming whatever fragmentary successes obtained so far are meaningless; all yet unsolved points are irrelevant. There is no more holy grail to be pursued. Only a few moping actions remain, such as the study of the merits and demerits of increased precipitation and cloudiness. The old-time position statement is out-dated. At one time, position statements on the issue of round-or-flat earth were periodically issued to review the progress, but the last one has concluded the matter long ago. Now we can sail west bravely without having to worry about reaching the end of the world and then dropping into Hell. Three Smoking Guns Prove the Falsity of Global Warming Peter Fong Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Smoking gun #1. Observed facts are that the cloud coverage of the earth has increased 4.1% in the past 50 years (Warren et al, see Figure 1 shown below with reference). Clouds are known to reflect away sunlight and thus cool down the earth. The power rate of cooling is 16.6W/m2 given by the ERBE Satellite. Then every physics freshman can calculate the total power of cooling for a time of doubling carbon dioxide to be 3.98W/m2 which just compensates off the theoretical greenhouse warming power for doubling carbon dioxide 4W/m2. Thus no greenhouse warming at all for the current climate condition. The 4W/m2 is the only and real concern of greenhouse warming. 4.1%/50 yr is the best of observed data available; all others are either trivial or irrelevant. The warming issue is firmly settled. Kyoto Protocol is thus as quaint and moot as taunting for women suffrage.
FIGURE 1 Smoking gun #2. Observed facts are that precipitation (rainfall) of the earth has increased 7.8% in the past century (Boden et al, Trends '93, ORNL, 1994). See Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c (shown below) with detailed references. It can be shown that the latent heat released in increased rainfall is about equal to that absorbed in evaporation of sea water by a greenhouse warming of 2°C by the increase of vapor pressure. This means the greenhouse heat is used only to increase rainfall, not to warm up the earth. The data used are the largest changes in the longest time ever, thus prove no warming strongly.
Figure 2a (above)
Figure 2b (above)
Figure 2c (above) Smoking gun #3. The rate 4.1% change of 50 years of cloud turns out to be about same as 7.8% change of 100 years for rainfall, proving quantitatively the causal relation of rainfall and cloud, and double checking the accuracy of the two data. This ratio conversion can be done by any child but was missed by all pundits and thus missed the case breaking clue. These are the exhibits. Now the argument to establish the case. We accept the truth of greenhouse phenomena. We accept the increase of greenhouse gases and the generation of greenhouse heat. This heat leads to three greenhouse effects; 1, increase of cloudiness, 2, increase of rainfall, 3, possible increase of temperature which is called greenhouse warming. The last term means nothing else, which could be greenhouse effects such as 1 and 2 but not 3. Most users of the term mistake the use of it with serious misleading consequences. The exhibits show that 1 and 2 (effects) are true and 3 (warming) is false. The case develops now in a self evident way based on the exhibits: The greenhouse heat was first taken up entirely by evaporation of water as latent heat, and recovered later during precipitation at the cloud level. The cloud gets rid of the heat through the cloud's reflection of sunlight. Thus the very greenhouse heat, after a few money launderings, is sent back to outer space entirely and exactly without the slightest warming of the earth. Thus there is precisely no greenhouse warming at all. However our rightful concern is global climate, not the null global warming. The other greenhouse effects deserve consideration but have not been done properly. For example, (1), The increase of precipitation is beneficial for increasing the supply of fresh water. It may make oases out of central Asia and Sahara Deserts. However there is an undesirable side effect, the flood. (2), The increase of cloudiness may reduce the UVB radiation reaching the earth surface and may make the ozone hole issue moot but the reduction of insolation may reduce agricultural yield. Thus there should be three suits filed against greenhouse effects 1, 2, 3, separately because they are independent; also the evidences used for prosecution are incommensurate and the remedies offered are mutually irrelevant. In fact suits 1 and 2 have not been filed but are often wrongly dragged into suite 3, resulting in great confusion. This work concerns exclusively on issue 3 warming. There are additional confusion to be avoided. The sea level rise is an ice age problem, not related to greenhouse gases. Facts are that polar icesheets are not melting and sea level rise does not go beyond the secular trend of 2mm/year (more later). If greenhouse heat were used to melt the polar ice, sea level would rise 7 cm/yr, a world apart. Kyoto Protocol is addressed to global warming with particular attention to fossil fuel and air pollution. As warming is null, it is much ado for nothing. The gavel has struck. There is no room for further discussion. The next section is a pedestrian explanation for the scientific basis of the conclusion. At the very end all questions ever raised will be accounted for. Cancer Death Rates of all States of
U.S. in all Past 50 Years Abstract Cancer death rates of 50 States of U.S. in all the past 50 years are analyzed according to natural and artificial nuclear radiation. Figure 3 (shown below) shows their dependence on altitudes of the States (perennial natural radiation)-the higher the lower deaths. The 8 mountain States average is that a doubling of natural radiation 100 mrem/yr reduces the cancer death rate 25%. Figure 4 shows their dependence on distances from Nevada, the site of airborne nuclear weapons tests in 1950s (one-shot artificial nuclear radiation of 30 mrem/yr for the test years). Nevada showed a reduction of 25% of cancer death rate after the first 4 years and continued for more than a decade. Alaska and Hawaii show no effect. The other States show reduction related to distance and peculiar features timed with the bomb explosion. The national average is 24.3% cancer rate reduction for 100 mrem/yr of bomb radiation, in perfect agreement with natural radiation. Figure 3 shows the cancer death rates per 100,000 population in the U.S. over the past 50 years. The thick brown curve on the top represents the national average. The thick yellow curve in the middle is the 8 mountain states average, which is about 25% lower than the national average, indicating a 25% reduction of cancer deaths over the 50 years in the high altitude region, where the natural background radiation is 100 mrem/yr higher than the normal 100. The 8 thin color curves show the 8 mountain states separately, which spread out in parallel from the yellow average according to their altitudes-higher states having lower cancer. An analysis shows the cancer reduction is exactly proportional to radiation.
Figure 3-Cancer death rate per 100,000 population of the States of U.S. analyzed according to their altitudes (perennial natural radiation). The altitudes of the States in foot unit given in the figure are the population weighted averages of the municipalities of the States accurate to 4 figures. Correlation does not prove causation. Hundreds of evidences were denied, including the above one, in policy decisions. An experiment corresponds to the above study would require the exposure of the entire population of the U.S. to a good amount of radiation, which is impossible. However, exactly such an experiment has been done, albeit serendipitously, in the airborne nuclear weapons tests in early 1950s. It increased the background radiation level about 30% (30 mrem/yr added to normal 100 ). The experiment was carried out without protest from the activists and without recognition from the scientists. The results were not kept as scientific data but were kept serendipitously by health workers for their routines. An excellent chance of making important discovery was buried in the mountains of government statistics. It took one more serendipity for stupid me to bump into the gold mine by accident (the whole world was even more stupid not to learn it). The result is the lower curve in Figure 4 (shown below), which is nothing but the same as the top curve of Figure 3, only analyzed in the bomb test light. The great surprise coming out of it is that the nuclear weapon tests, though increased the radiation level, did not increase cancer deaths but instead reduced it by 418,000 for the entire U.S. during the test period, verifying the correlation study conclusion quantitatively but proved it by experiment.
Figure 4-Cancer dearth rate per 100,000 population of the States of U.S. analyzed according to their distances from the bomb test site Nevada (one-shot nuclear bomb test radiation). Experts dismissed it, considering it still as a correlation. It took me 5 years to find out it really is an experiment. The test bombs were set off in Nevada at "controllable" space and time. Besides studying the entire U. S. as a whole as in the lower curve of Figure 4, there are 50 States of U.S., each can be studied as an independent observer with its own peculiar, unique space-time parameters and resulting in 50 independent experiments. No experiment can be more comprehensive and it is the ultimate because it includes the entire population, willingly or not, without choice and without advance knowledge of cancer reduction, eliminating the necessity of placebo control experiment to guarantee the sample is not skewed. In the upper part of Figure 4 are shown the results of 10 States so studied, from the nearest Nevada to the distant Hawaii. The analysis is similar to Figure 3, which separates the U.S. total to States with different altitudes which are not "controllable" (correlation study), but now separates in States with different distances to bomb tests, which are "controllable" (Experiment). The curves differ drastically, which can nail down the cause-effect relation conclusively. Nevada stands out drastically. In 4 years after the start of the tests, cancer rate dropped 25%, better than cancer hospitals. Cancer being "incurable" by any, this must be due to something beyond all, i.e., the new radiation from the bombs. The reduction of cancers in Nevada continued for 2 decades. The far away states Hawaii and Alaska show no effect of the bomb tests. The other 8 contiguous States all show effect of the bomb tests, more or less, according to distances from the bomb test site. The hallmark teeth-bites on the curves timed with the tests are everywhere and speak loudly for the test effect on cancer reduction. These curves prove bomb radiation can reduce cancer; the national average is 24.3% reduction for 100 mrem/yr bomb dose, which agrees extremely well with the reduction rate of natural radiation from Figure 4. Since no other study can possibly surpass this data base of 250 million persons in 50 years, the conclusion of 24.3% reduction of cancer death rate for 100 mrem/yr increase of nuclear radiation here obtained should be considered to be the ultimate. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was promulgated in 1959, ten years after the start of the massive tests in Nevada, in response to the world opinion on nuclear radiation hazard. The beneficial effect was totally unexpected. Starting 1960 nuclear tests went underground and in two decades 3 times more radiation was generated but buried underground. If it were in the air it would have saved 1.5 million lives from cancer death. It is the most grotesque irony of the test ban treaty which grows out of a highly inspired humanistic ideal. Even more grotesque is that this is just the beginning of a series that characterize the 20th century one that is the age of wisdom and also the age of foolishness. Later we will show that nuclear radiation not only helps cancer but also all old-age degenerative diseases, including the major killers of heart disease and stroke, and thus will extend life span. Indeed 29 million people in Kerala, India have life expectancy 10.7 years longer than one billion Indians due to nuclear radiation from thorium mine. Currently nuclear plant is considered as a scourge; people stay away as if a plague. In the future it would be a benefactor; people would frock to live near a nuclear plant and ask for release of more radiation so that they can live ten years longer. The nuclear hysteria is the utmost stupidity of the 20th century, not to mention the economic losses, environmental degradation, and international crisis because of the abandon of nuclear power. References 1 Statistical Abstract of the United States, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 50 volumes from 1948 to 1998. Books by Peter Fong: Brain, Memory, Language, Thinking, Genius, Money Greenhouse Warming, Nuclear Hazards, and the Future of America The Unification of Science and Humanity: Agony and Ecstasy East of Eden
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